An Overview Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

Chapter 1Diabetess is a malformation in the organic structure ‘s ability to change over glucose to energy. When nutrient is digested, it is transformed into fats, protein, or saccharides which the saccharides will impact the blood sugar degrees. Carbohydrates when digested will change over to glucose. Glucose is so transferred to the blood watercourse and is used by the cells for energy and metamorphosis. In order for the glucose to be moved from the blood watercourse into the cells, the endocrine – insulin will play the function. In diabetic patients, this procedure is affected. Diabetess develops when the pancreas fails to bring forth sufficient measures of insulin – Type 1 diabetes or the insulin produced is non working and can non reassign glucose into the cells – Type 2 diabetes. Either insulin is lack in measures or the insulin produced is harm and can non reassign the glucose into the cells. Type 1 diabetes occurs most often in kids and immature grownups, although it can happen at any age. Type 1 diabetes histories for 5-10 % while Type 2 diabetes is much more common and histories for 90-95 % of all diabetes. Type 2 diabetes chiefly affects grownups, with physical inaction and fleshiness.Diabetess MellitusType 1 Diabetes MellitusDiabetess Mellitus Type 1 is a serious disease that give effects to both biochemical and anatomic or structural of human being. It is a chronic medical status of saccharide, fat, and protein metamorphosis caused by the individual has less of insulin. The deficiency of insulin consequences from the inability of the pancreas to let go of insulin because of automatic immunisation devastation of the beta cells. It normally happens to kids and immature grownups but besides can look at any scope of ages. Its symptoms may include being excessively thirsty, urinating more often, experiencing really hungry or tired, unplanned weight losing, holding sores that heal easy, holding dry or antsy tegument, losing the sense in your pes and holding lessening in vision capableness. Finally, this disease can take to decease unless several methods of interventions are done. Most people who develop type 1 are look healthy and non corpulent. Although the existent cause of type 1 diabetes is remain non to the full understood and many research be done, it is considered to be of immunological root. Diabetess Mellitus Type 1 normally starts when the immune system damage the insulin-producing cells which is the I?-cells in the pancreas depicts as one of autoimmune response. In the some instance, patients do non demo any symptoms of holding the diabetes mellitus. High blood sugar and its associated symptoms which are frequent micturition and being thirsty do non ever occur until more than 90 % of the cells that make insulin have been demolished. The individual with household history of type 1 diabetes is like to hold diabetes mellitus Type 1. But it besides occurs in people with none household ‘s history of diabetes. In other instances, people who develop diabetes have one or many cistrons that make them fleeceable to the disease. Autoimmune response can be activated by environmental causes, such as being exposed to viruses and nutrients in immature age. Familial testing can be use to cognize if a household member could holding diabetes.InsulinInsulin is a peptide endocrine that has important effects on human metamorphosis. Insulin makes liver ‘s cell, musculus, and fatty tissue to devour glucose from the blood. The glucose is being stored as animal starch in the variety meats such as liver and musculus, and halting usage of fat as an energy beginning. When the insulin is non present or at minimal degree, glucose is non consume by organic structure cells, and the organic structure starts to utilize fatty tissue a s an energy beginning. As illustration, energy is being generated by move of lipoids from adipose tissue to the liver for motion. As its degree is a cardinal metabolic control mechanism, its position is besides used as a control signal to other organic structure systems and has several other anabolic effects all round the organic structure. When control of insulin degrees non working, it gives rise to diabetes mellitus. As a consequence, insulin is being taken up medically to bring around some symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes need an external insulin which be injected subcutaneously to go on their life as the endocrine is no longer produced the insulin internally. Patients with type 2 diabetes are frequently opposition to insulin. They can endure from a comparative deficiency of insulin. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may necessitate insulin if other medicines can non command blood glucose degrees decently. There are three groups of insulin which are from animate being, human and parallels. Many people use human insulin and insulin parallels, although non many people still use carnal insulin because they have some prove that they otherwise lose their consciousness of sodium thiosulphate or they find carnal insulin works better for them. Figure 1.1 below shows the construction of insulin in insulin hexamer. Insulin construction and molecular synthesisFigure 1.1: Structure of insulin in insulin hexamer.Statisticss on DiabetessMalayaEntire figure of diabetes patients in Malaysia is now up to 4.2 million people contributed by the job of extra weight or fleshiness said by the President of Consumers Association of Penang ( CAP ) , SM Mohamed Idris ( CAP, November 14, 2011 ) . Fleshiness is the major subscriber to diabetes and it should be addressed instantly, as the job is now in dismaying degrees. It is proved that the prevalence of diabetes instances in Malaysia increased from one to two per cent in twelvemonth 1960 to 6.3 per centum ( 1985 ) , 8.3 per centum ( 1996 ) and now multiple at 14.9 per centum until twelvemonth 2006. Figure 1.2 below shows the per centum of Malaysians with diabetics to the ratio of Malaysians populations.Figure 1.2: Percentage of Malaysians with Diabetes ( CAP, November 14, 2011 )Pie chart below shows the per centum of deceases due to complications of diabetes among Malaysians diabetic patients ( Figure 1.3 ) .Figure 1.3: Percentage of deceases due to complications of diabetes ( College of Radiology, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, 2009 )Based on the survey conducted by Zanariah Hussein, representative of Ministry of Health, Malaysia titled Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus In Malaysia in 2006 – Consequences of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey, it can be concluded that from Figures 1.4 to 1.6, increasing prevalence of diabetes wi th age, until age more than 65 old ages, crisp addition in prevalence at age 40 old ages and above and highest prevalence in age group 60 to 64 old ages.Figure 1.4: Prevalence of All Diabetes by Age Group ( MOH, March 31, 2008 )Figure 1.5: National Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus by Race ( MOH, March 31, 2008 )Figure 1.6: Prevalence of All Diabetes Mellitus by States and Residence in Malaysia ( MOH, March 31, 2008 )From Figure 1.6, one in six grownup Malaysians above 30 old ages has diabetes – an estimated 1.4 million in figure. The diabetes prevalence in Malaysia has about doubled in the last decennary in analogue with duplicating of overweight/obesity in the population. This figure is likely an underestimate as it does non integrate those with stray postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetic scope.AsiaThe proportions of people with type-2 diabetes and fleshiness have increased throughout Asia, and the rates of addition show no marks of decelerating. The International Diabetes Federation has predicted that the figure of persons with diabetes will increase from 240 million in 2007 to 380 million in 2025, with 80 % of the disease load in low- and middle-income states ( Figure 1.7 ) .Figure 1.7: Comparison of prevalence of diabetes in Asiatic states ( Kun-Ho Yoon, 2006 )Within the Asiatic part, India with a population of more than one billion, have the greatest Numberss of people prevalence with diabetes and are likely to stay in this place in 2025, by which clip they could each hold 20 million affected persons ( Figure 1.8 ) .Figure 1.8: Top 10 Countries in Asia with the Highest Number of Persons with Type 2 Diabetes in the Age Group 20 to 79 Old ages in 2007 and Projected Data in 2025 ( Juliana C. N. Chan, 2009 )UniverseIn twelvemonth 2000, the figure of diabetics worldwide is estimated at 151 million people and is expected to increase 50 per centum to 220 million in 2010 and make 300 million by twelvemonth 2025 if the universe ‘s population continue s practising the unhealthy life style that is bad eating wonts and deficiency of exercisings ( Harian Metro, 29 November 29, 2000 ) . Most people with diabetes live in the economically less developed parts of the universe ( see Figures 1.9 to 1.10 ) . Even in the part with the lowest prevalence ( Africa ) , it is estimated that around 280,000 deceases are attributable to diabetes in 2011. While more than 80 % of people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income states merely 20 % of planetary health care expenditures on diabetes were spent in these states, reflecting immense disparities ( IDF, 2010 ) .Figure 1.9: Number of Persons with Diabetes of Different Age Groups ( IDF, 2010 )Figure 1.10: Number of Deaths Attributable to Diabetes in Different Regions of the World in 2007 ( IDF, 2010 )By mentioning Figures 1.9 to 1.10, EMME indicates Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East ; SACA, South America/Central America ; SEA, Southeast Asia ( comprises Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, and Sri Lanka ) . Western Pacific comprises Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Cook Islan ds, Fiji, Gallic Polynesia, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Korea ( Democratic People ‘s Republic of ) , Korea ( Republic of ) , Lao People ‘s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia ( Federal States of ) , Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Table 1.1 below shows the entire population ( 20-79 old ages ) , per centum of Diabetes Mellitus National prevalence, per centum of Diabetes Mellitus Comparative prevalence and deceases attributable to Diabetes Mellitus in twelvemonth 2010 for the seven parts in the universe.Table 1.1: Cardinal statistics on the seven parts about DM for the twelvemonth 2010RegionsEntire Populations ( 20-79 old ages ) ( 103 people )DM National PrevalenceDM Comparative PrevalenceDeaths attributable to DMAfrica 378,550 3.20 % 3.80 % 332584 Europe 646,367 8.60 % 6.90 % 634054 South East Asia 837,732 7.00 % 7.60 % 1142914 Western Pacific 1,530,822 5.00 % 4.70 % 1074955 Middle East and North Africa 344,469 7.70 % 9.30 % 294037 North America and Caribbean 319,893 11.70 % 10.20 % 313208 South and Central America 286,922 6.30 % 6.60 % 171303 An overview of each of the seven parts is presented here is to let for a better apprehension of the diabetes load and its effects. Each part is extremely diverse non merely in socio-economic and geographical footings but besides in diabetes prevalence, mortality and health care.History of DiabetessDiabetess mellitus appears to hold been a decease sentence in the antediluvian epoch. Scholars of that clip majorly agreed the disease was incurable. Such as Aretaeus ; ancient Greek doctor, did try to handle it but could non give a good forecast ; he commented that â€Å" life ( with diabetes ) is short, gross outing and painful. † Meanwhile, in mediaeval Persia, Avicenna ( 980-1037 ) provided a elaborate history on diabetes mellitus in The Canon of Medicine, â€Å" depicting the unnatural appetency and the prostration of sexual maps, † and he documented the sweet gustatory sensation of diabetic piss. Like Aretaeus before him, Avicenna recognized primary and secondary diabetes. He besides described diabetic sphacelus, and treated diabetes utilizing a mixture of lupine, Trigonella ( Greek clover ) , and zedoary seed, which produces a considerable decrease in the elimination of sugar, a intervention which is still prescribed in modern times. The diabetes term is coined by Arateus of Cappadocia. It was derived from a Grecian verb, †diabainein † . From there onwards, it kept on altering until it was derived as †diabAâ€Å"tAâ€Å"s † ; the word used today which brought the significance of, â€Å" one that straddles † . Diabetess is one of the earliest recorded diseases, with an Egyptian manuscript, dated every bit old as 1552 BCE ( Before Common Era ) , where an Egyptian physician Hesy-Ra of the 3rd Dynasty saying it as â€Å" excessively great voidance of the piss † . In English, diabetes is foremost recorded in 1425 in a medical text, as diabete. In 1675, â€Å" mellitus † ; a Latin word ( intending â€Å" honey † ) is added by Thomas Willis as a mention of the piss ‘s sweet gustatory sensation. Subsequently in 1776, a verification by Matthew Dobson verified that the sweet gustatory sensation in piss is due to a presence of an surplus of a sort of sugar. It was 93 old ages subsequently when ‘islet of Langerhans ‘ is discovered. In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a German medical pupil, made the first find but still, unable to explicate their map. Then, in 1901 an American diagnostician named Eugene Opie from John Hopkins University ; Baltimore managed to set up a connexion between the failure of ‘islet of Langerhans ‘ and the happening of diabetes. In research stuff production facet, Prof. John J.R. Macleod produces a monograph on diabetes with a rubric of ‘Diabetes: Its Pathological Physiology ‘ in 1913 while in 1916, a diagnostician from Boston, Elliot Joslin made a digest of his ain 1000 instances and produced â€Å" The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus † text edition. His text edition together with his subsequent researches over the following five decennaries marked his repute as one of universe ‘s expert in this filed. From here onwards, surveies, researches, developments and finds have been made by assorted individual and establishments. Such event is in 1921 where Dr. Frederick Banting made the find of insulin, a critical endocrine in modulating saccharide and fats metabolism in organic structure. The find brought a immense impact to the universe at that clip as diabetes was peculiarly a sickening, incurable and death-leading disease. Furthermore, in 1959 research workers identify type 1 diabetes as insulin dependant and type 2 diabetes, the non-insulin dependant. This leads to more intensive and specific surveies on the topic. As for the clip being, get downing from 1991, November 14 of each twelvemonth is devoted for World Diabetes Day by the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization. This act is due to the fact the dismaying rise of diabetes around the Earth which besides acts as a primary planetary consciousness run.Problem StatementUp to show, there are non many research documents and undertakings have been done sing the mathematical theoretical account of insulin. So there are merely few Numberss of mathematical theoretical accounts on insulin have been published. Although the research about insulin started back about 90 old ages ago, the existent causes of diabetes mellitus Type 1 have non been discovered yet. In this research, we have to optimise Hovorka mathematical theoretical account for glucose distribution and make an beforehand mathematical theoretical account by utilizing Artificial Nervous Net Work. Then, from those two mathematical modeling, we have to came up with a modeling and simulation of the insulin bringing system for patients with diabetes mellitus type 1.AimsTo make a mathematical modeling and simulation of the insulin bringing system for patients with Type 1 diabetes. To make an beforehand mathematical theoretical account by utilizing Artificial Nervous Net Work. To optimise Hovorka mathematical theoretical account for glucose distribution.Scopes of ResearchThe range of this research is concentrating on insulin consequence on glucose distribution in human organic structure ; where the topic involved is patients with Type 1 Diabetes. In inside informations, the research is governed in finding the mass of glucose in accessible and non-accessible cells, which are fundamentally the pancreatic I?-cells. Second, the research is besides intended to look into the plasma insulin concentration based on the glucose degree. This subdivision will associate the relationship between both variables under certain identified conditions ( capable, degree of glucose, etc. ) and have the consequences compared, analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, it is besides desired to analyze the insulin consequence on transit in blood, glucose distribution and autochthonal glucose. This portion of the research will lucubrate how insulin affects blood transit in the human orga nic structure, glucose distribution in the human blood vass and besides how insulin can impact the autochthonal glucose degree in the organic structure ; glucose that already present in the organic structure or consumed earlier. Furthermore, the research will besides include the survey on modeling and simulation of the insulin bringing system utilizing both Artificial Neural Net Work mathematical theoretical account and Hovorka mathematical web.Dissertation OverviewIn this chapter ; chapter 1, the treatment covers the basic debut to the research undertaking. Such inside informations are the research background, job statement, aims and range of the research. In the 2nd chapter, literature reappraisal is the chief subject to be discussed. In general, this subdivision allows farther required information to be extracted and analyzed for a better understanding procedure in order to better the work end product. System designation method is applied to the system by reexamining diaries. In Chapter 3 research methodological analysis is the chief kernel. This chapter provides a comprehensive amplification sing the instruments, stuffs and methods used in finishing the research in such a manner it enables reader to hold a cognize apprehension. Research methods aspect will be including the experimental design, the figure of capable, setup ( if use any ) etc. Chapter 4 ; the research itself. In this chapter, all the related researches, experiments, simulations and patterning are being carried out. The obtained informations from all these are analysed tabulated and recorded in ways that are appropriate and suited such as table, figure and diagram. Then, treatment regulating the consequences obtained with regard to hypothesis is conducted in a elaborate mode by concentrating the chief findings and illations. However, strengths and failings of the consequences should be included. Last, chapter 5, one that concludes the full research and in a manner provides the best recommendation for the findings ‘ sweetening intent. A brief sum-up of the chief findings can be included while adverting the restrictions faced in transporting out the research and recommendation for farther research based on the current determination.

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 15~16

CHAPTER FIFTEEN A Song for Your Supper Amy picked the whale. It had been a stressful morning for her, and Quinn wanted to convey his complete confidence in her, so he handed over the headphones and took directions as they narrowed down which of their whales was actually the singer. â€Å"Wait a second,† Amy said. â€Å"Shut down the engine.† And then she did something that Quinn had seen no one do for twenty-five years, and then it had been his mentor, Gerard Ryder, who most people agreed had been eccentric to the point of being full-blown bat shit. Amy hung over the side by her knees and put her head in the water. After about thirty seconds she swung up, spraying a great crest of seawater all over the boat, then pointed north. â€Å"He's over there.† â€Å"That doesn't work, you know,† said Quinn. It was pretty much accepted that humans didn't have directional hearing underwater. He was just gently trying to remind her. â€Å"Go that way. That's where our whale is.† â€Å"Okay, there may indeed be a singer over there, but you didn't locate him by hearing him.† She just stood there next to him – dripping on his feet, the console, the field notes – looking at him. â€Å"Okay, I'm going.† He started the engine and pushed the throttle over. â€Å"Tell me when I get there.† A couple of minutes later Amy signaled for him to cut the engine, and she was hanging over the side with her head in the water while the boat was still coasting. â€Å"Well, this is just stupid,† Nate said while Amy was submerged. Amy dedunked long enough to say, â€Å"I heard that.† â€Å"Looks like you're bobbing for whales, is what it looks like.† â€Å"Shut up,† said Amy, up for a breath. â€Å"I'm trying to listen.† â€Å"You look like that cartoon character in ‘B.C. that used to watch fish all day.† â€Å"That way,† said Amy, up again, pointing and dog-shaking the water out of her hair onto the Ph.D. â€Å"About six hundred yards.† â€Å"Six hundred yards? You're sure?† â€Å"Give or take fifty.† â€Å"If we're within a half mile of a singer, I'll buy you dinner.† † ‘Kay. What do you suppose the freight is to fly a lobster from Maine to my plate in Lahaina?† â€Å"I'm not going to need to know that.† â€Å"Drive the boat, please. Over there.† And she pointed again, not unlike Babe Ruth indicating the Wrigley Field fence over which he would hit the famous promised home run (except Amy was thin, a girl, and alive). Quinn heard the singer even before they put the hydrophone in the water. The whole boat started resonating to the song as they coasted into a drift. Amy hopped up on the bow and pointed to some white spots dancing below the surface – pectoral fins and a tail. â€Å"There he is!† If there had been a crowd, they would have gone wild. Quinn smiled. Amy looked back at him and grinned. â€Å"Steak and lobster,† she said. â€Å"Something red and French and expensive for the wine, something on fire for dessert – don't care what it is, long as there's flames coming off it – then a backrub before I send you back to your cabin alone, disappointed and confused. Ha!† â€Å"It's a date,† said Quinn. â€Å"No, it's not a date. It's a bet, which you have lost miserably because you had the audacity to doubt me, and for which you shall remain ever sorry. Ha!† â€Å"Shall we work now? Or would you like to gloat a bit longer?† â€Å"Hmmm, let me think about it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She's so small, yet she contains so much evil, Quinn thought. He threw the field journal at her and read her the longitude and latitude off the GPS. â€Å"Film's in the camera. New roll. I loaded it this morning.† â€Å"I was thinking I'd gloat some more.† Amy picked up the notebook, then paused as she opened it to begin writing. â€Å"Singing stopped.† â€Å"Sometimes I think they just stop singing to freak me out.† â€Å"He's moving,† Amy said, pointing. â€Å"Moving,† Quinn repeated. He looked over the side and saw the white pec fins and flukes flash out of sight. â€Å"Hold on.† He started the engine. â€Å"They can hunt these kind, as far as I'm concerned,† Quinn said after they'd been on the whale for two hours. They'd recorded three full cycles of the song and gotten a crossbow biopsy, but the whale simply would not fluke, so they hadn't been able to get an ID photo. A lot of good it did to have a DNA sample when you couldn't identify the animal. â€Å"Hunt them and make them into pet food,† Nate continued. â€Å"Get their tainted, nonfluking genes out of the gene pool.† â€Å"Maybe you should have a doughnut or something, get your blood sugar up,† Amy said. â€Å"Use their pathetic, nonfluking baleen for corsets and umbrella stays. Use their vertebrae for footstools. Use their intestines to make giant, nonfluking whale sausages to serve at state fairs. Remove their putrid unfluking gonads and –  » â€Å"I thought you liked these animals.† â€Å"Yeah, but not when they won't cooperate.† The whale had led them five miles out toward Molokai and very close to the wind line, where the waves were too big and the current too fast to stay on a singer. If the whale continued in this direction, they would lose him within the next two dive cycles and the day would be wasted. What was even more frustrating was that this animal was hanging in the water and singing with his tail only a few feet below the surface. Typically, a singer in the channel would be thirty to fifty feet down – this guy was at about seven. Nate kept having to pull up the hydrophone to keep it from bopping the whale in the noggin as they drifted over it. â€Å"He's coming up,† Amy said. She grabbed the camera off the seat and aimed it at a spot twenty yards or so in front of the boat so the auto-focus and exposure would already be set. Nate pulled up the hydrophone with two yanks and started the engine. The whale was moving faster this time. Nate adjusted the throttle to put Amy at the right distance for a full-frame tail shot. One breath and he was down for ten seconds, another breath twelve seconds, another breath and the great tail peduncle arched high into the air. â€Å"Looks like he's going to do it,† Nate said. â€Å"Ready,† Amy said. The tail cleared the water by just a foot, presenting an edge view instead of a flat horizontal view that would give them all the markings, but Nate thought he saw something. Something that looked like black letters on the underside of the tail. â€Å"You get that? You get that?† â€Å"I got what there was. He didn't present very well.† Amy had run the motor drive for the whole cycle of the dive, maybe eight frames. â€Å"Did you see those markings? On the underside? The black†¦ uh, stripes?† Quinn whipped off his sunglasses and wiped them with his T-shirt. â€Å"Stripes? Nate, I didn't see anything but edge through the camera.† â€Å"Damn it!† â€Å"Look, he fluked. Maybe he will again.† â€Å"That's not the point.† â€Å"It's not?† â€Å"Get up on the bow, see if you can find him.† Amy stood on the bow and directed Quinn. When she dropped her arm, he killed the engine. And there was the whale, hanging there, singing, his tail not ten feet under the water. They weren't a hundred yards off the wind line, and the boat was drifting away from the whale faster than it had before. They'd be over it for only a minute or so. This close to the wind line, they'd probably lose him the next time he came up. Nate was not going to finish this day wondering if he was having hallucinations again. â€Å"Amy, hand me my mask and flippers from the bow cabinet, would you?† â€Å"You're going in the water?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But you never go in the water.† â€Å"I'm going in the water.† Nate opened a plastic Pelican case and pulled out his Nikonos IV underwater camera, checked to make sure it was loaded. â€Å"You're not a water guy.† â€Å"See if there's a weight belt in there, too.† â€Å"Clay says you're not a water guy. You're a boat guy.† â€Å"I'm going to get an ID photo from under his tail. If he's going to be accommodating enough to stay this close to the surface, I'm going to go get the photo.† â€Å"Can you do that?† â€Å"Why not?† She handed him a belt weighted with ten pounds of lead, and Nate buckled it around his hips. He pulled on the mask and fins, then sat on the gunwale with his back to the water. â€Å"You're going to drift off of me. I'm not going to try to swim to catch you, so come back and get me. Wait till I wave. I don't want you to start the engine until I'm sure I have the picture. Keep recording until you come get me.† † ‘Kay.† Amy's mouth was sort of hanging open as if she'd just been slapped. â€Å"This is no big deal.† â€Å"Right. You want me to do it? It's my fault I didn't get the shot last time.† â€Å"Not your fault. The shot wasn't there. See ya.† Quinn put the snorkel in his mouth and rolled backward off the boat. At seventy-five degrees, the water was still cold enough to knock the breath out of him. He floated to the surface and tried to take controlled breaths until his system adjusted. The whale was close, only a hundred or so feet away. The song reverberated in Nate's ribs as he kicked over to it. This had to be the â€Å"bite me† whale. Even if he'd somehow been wrong about there actually being letters, there were certainly some strange markings on this animal's tail. And there was more than that, too, if he could prove to himself that this was the same animal. It would mean that the whale had stayed in the general area of the Au'au Channel for over three weeks, which was fairly unusual. Of course, conclusions weren't reached from that lack of data. It could simply be that they hadn't computerized the catalog of Hawaiian ID photos the way they had in Alaska. And without the first picture there'd be no proof that this was the same animal, but Quinn would know. He would know. That had become the impetus of this silly mission, not just proving that he wasn't hallucinating. He was a man of science, of facts, of reason. He didn't need to prove he was sane. I'm out of my mind, he thought. He'd never even heard of anyone trying to do an ID photo underwater. The animal was perfectly motionless, a great swath of gray in a field of infinite blue. But Quinn thought he saw movement on the far side of the whale. He lifted his head out of the water and looked back at the boat. Amy gave him a thumbs-up. He took a deep breath and made his dive to take the photo. If he'd been wearing tanks, he might have let the weight belt take him down slowly, but he knew he'd be able to stay down for only forty to sixty seconds, so he went headfirst, kicking hard until he was down twenty or so feet. Then he leveled off, holding the camera in front of him, and looked up at the underside of the whale's tail. There it was, in big, sans-serif, spray-paint-like letters: BITE ME! He nearly forgot to take the picture. How could this possibly be? Had the animal somehow been caught in a net when it was younger and marked by a sardonic fisherman before being released? Was it one of those animals that had swum up a river and got stranded, then been rescued by an army of fish-and-game people? He centered the tail in the viewfinder and hit the shutter. Advanced the film and shot again. Then he needed to breathe. He turned and kicked to the surface, but again he saw the dark shape moving near the whale. Remora, he thought. Although it looked too big to be one of the parasite fish that often attached themselves to whales. At the surface he looked back down at the singer, near the left pec where he'd seen the movement. The animal was doing ribbits. Quinn smiled around his snorkel, took three deep breaths, held, then dove again. This time, before he could get the camera up, he saw the movement of a dark fin on the far side of the whale, and he squinted to see deep into the blue distance. Blue-water willies, was how he'd always thought of it. The feeling you get when you realize that something big and carnivorous could come at you from any direction, then you start looking for gray missiles in the blue, like looking for a malevolent face to appear at a dark window. Then the whale moved. The wash of the tail pushed Quinn back, but he maintained his bearings and started toward the surface, trying to keep his eye on the animal. The whale turned around in little more than its own length and shot toward Nate. He kicked laterally, trying to move to one side or another, then up, so he'd be tossed over the top of the animal rather than under it as it came up, because it was definitely going to bump him. He looked back beyond his fins as he kicked and saw the whale adjust its direction to keep coming toward him. Nate kicked once for the surface, then looked back again to see the animal's enormous mouth opening beneath him. No, this can't be happening, he thought. The panic rising in his chest demanded air, but it was as if the entire ocean had opened up a hole behind him, and he wasn't going to make it to the surface. The whale came halfway out of the water as it scooped him up, and Nate saw sky, and white water, and baleen fringing the upper jaw above – all of it framed by the huge trapezoid that was the whale's open mouth. Then he felt the whale sinking back, and he saw the baleen close over him. He rolled into a ball, hoping not to be crushed by the jaws, hoping to be spit out as a horrible dining mistake. But then the great tongue came forward, warm and rough, driving him against the baleen plates – it was like being smashed into a wrought-iron fence by a wet Nerf Volkswagen. He could feel the baleen ripping the skin on his back as the tongue covered him, pressing the seawater out around him as it would strain krill, then crushing him until the last of the air exploded from his body and he blacked out. PART TWO Jonah's People Men really need sea monsters in their personal oceans. For the ocean, deep and black in the depths, is like the low dark levels of our minds in which the dream symbols incubate and sometimes rise up to sight like the Old Man of the Sea. – JOHN STEINBECK CHAPTER SIXTEEN Shoes Off in the Whale! â€Å"Shoes off in the whale!† a male voice said out of the dark. Quinn could see nothing. His entire body ached like, well, like it had been chewed. He crawled to his hands and knees on what felt like wet latex. He reached down and felt for his feet. He still had his flippers on, and logic protested through his confusion. â€Å"I'm not wearing shoes. These are fins.† â€Å"Shoes off in the whale! And don't try and make a break for the anus.† Two things that, if asked about an hour earlier, Nate might have said with conviction he'd never hear in a lifetime of conversation. â€Å"What?† Quinn said, squinting into the dark. He realized that he was still wearing his dive mask and reached up to push it back. â€Å"I'll bet he didn't bring the pastrami on rye I asked for either, did he?† came the voice. Shapes began to define themselves in the darkness, and Nate saw a face not a foot away from his. He gasped and pulled away from it, for although it seemed to be examining him with great interest, the face was not human. Clay Demodocus was known throughout the world as one of the calmest, most level-tempered, most generous and considerate individuals in the entire milieu of marine biology. His reputation preceded him when he went on assignment, and people took it for granted that he would remain amiable throughout a long voyage in cramped quarters, as well as efficient in his own work, respectful of the work of others, and cool-headed in an emergency. Because he often had to subjugate himself to the head researcher on any given assignment, Clay did not indulge in ego battles and testosterone-slinging contests with researchers or crew. None of these qualities were evident when he went over the desk of the Coast Guard commandant and stopped only inches from head-butting the tall, athletic-looking officer. â€Å"You call this search off now and I'll see to it that your name is remembered for all time in concert with Adolf Eichmann and Vlad the Impaler. Nathan Quinn is a legend in his field, and every t ime there's a documentary on whales on the Discovery Channel, or National Geographic, or Animal Planet, or PBS, or the fucking Cartoon Channel, I'll see to it that your name is mentioned right after Nate's as the man who left him out there. You'll be the official Coast Guard pariah for the next hundred years. This will be the Coast Guard's My Lai. Every time a kid drowns, your name will be mentioned – nay, every time someone gets a soaker, the name of Commodore Whateveryournameis shall be brought forth and your effigy burned in the streets and your head stuck on a pole, lipsticked, and marched around school yards, forever. And all because you're too goddamned lamebrained to put a couple of helicopters into the air to find my friend. Is that what you want?† Clay had strong views on loyalty. The commodore had been in the Coast Guard for most of his adult life, spending the majority of his time and energy either rescuing people or training others to do so, and as a result he was taken aback more than somewhat by Clay's tirade. He looked across his office to where Kona and Amy stood by the door, looking nearly as haggard as he felt. The surfer looked at him and shook his head sadly. â€Å"It's been three days, Mr. Demodocus. In open water with no life preserver? You're not a tourist – you know the odds. If he were alive, he'd have drifted far out of where we're able to patrol by now anyway. We're doing no fewer than ten rescues a day on Maui. I can't have our helicopters out to sea when there's just no chance.† â€Å"What about tide maps, currents?† Clay pleaded. â€Å"Can't we try to predict which way he might have drifted? Narrow the search area.† The commodore had to look away from Clay when he answered. The first thing the surfer kid with the uneven dreadlocks had said when they'd come into his office was â€Å"Sucks to be you.† And right now the commodore couldn't have agreed more. He'd lost friends at sea; he understood. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he said. Clay sighed heavily, and his shoulders sagged. Amy came forward and took him by the arm. â€Å"Let's go home, Clay.† Clay nodded and allowed himself to be led out of the commodore's office. As they made their way across the parking lot to Clay's truck Kona said, â€Å"That was amazing, Clay.† â€Å"Throwing a fit? Yeah, I'm proud of that, especially since it worked so well.† â€Å"Why didn't you say anything about the whale eating Nate?† In the three days since Quinn had disappeared, Kona had forgotten to speak brophonics and Rasta talk almost completely, and now he just sounded like a kid from New Jersey with a â€Å"whoa, dude† surfer accent. â€Å"Whales don't eat people, Kona,† Clay said. â€Å"You know better.† â€Å"I know what I saw,† Amy said. Clay stopped and stepped away from both of them. â€Å"Look, if you're going to do this stuff, you have to be practical. I believe that you saw what you say you saw, but nothing about it helps. First, a humpback's throat is only about a foot in diameter. They couldn't swallow a human if they wanted to. So if the whale did scoop up Nate, then there's a good chance he was spit out very quickly. Second, if I told that story to everyone else, either they'd think you were being hysterical or, if they believed you, they'd assume that Nate had been drowned immediately, and there wouldn't have been a search. I believe you, kid, but don't think anyone else will.† â€Å"So what now?† Kona asked. Clay looked at the two of them, standing there like abandoned puppies, and he pushed aside his own grief. â€Å"We finish Nate's work. We do this work, we carry on. Right now I've got to go up the mountain and see the Old Broad. Nate was like a son to her.† â€Å"You haven't told her?† Amy asked. Clay shook his head. â€Å"Why would I? I haven't given up on Nate. I've seen too much. Last year they thought they'd lost one of the black-coral divers. The boat came back to where they'd sent him down, and he was gone. A week later he called from Molokai for them to come get him. He'd swum over and had been so busy partying he'd forgotten to call. â€Å"Doesn't sound like Nate,† Kona said. â€Å"He told me that he hated fun.† â€Å"Still, it would be wrong not to let the Old Broad know what's happened,† Amy said. Clay patted them each on the back. â€Å"Intrepid,† he said. As he drove up the volcano, Clay tried to formulate some gentle way of breaking the news to the Old Broad. Since his mother had passed away, Clay had taken the bearing of bad news very seriously – so seriously, in fact, that he usually let someone else do the bearing. He'd been in Antarctica on assignment for National Science, snowed in at the naval weather station for six months when his mother, still in Greece, had gone missing. She was seventy-five, and the villagers knew she couldn't have gone far, yet, search as they might, they did not find her for three days. Finally her location was revealed by her ripening odor. They found her dead in an olive tree, where she had climbed to do some pruning. Clay's older brothers, Hektor and Sidor, would not hold the funeral without Clay, the baby, yet they knew their brother would be completely out of touch for months. â€Å"He is the rich American,† came the ouzo-besotted lament. â€Å"He should take care of Mama. Perhaps h e will even fly us to America for the funeral.† And so the two brothers, having inherited their mother's weakness for alcohol and their father's bad judgment, packed the remains of Mother Demodocus in an olive barrel, filled the barrel with the preserving brine, and shipped it off to their rich younger brother's house in San Diego. The problem was, in their grief (or perhaps it was their stupor) they forgot to send a letter, leave a message, or, for that matter, put a packing label on the barrel, so months later, when Clay returned to find the barrel on his porch, he broke into it thinking he was about to enjoy a delicious snack of kala-mata olives from home. It was not the way to find out about his mother's death, and it engendered in Clay very strong views about loyalty and the bearing of bad news. I will do this right, he thought as he pulled into the Old Broad's driveway. There's no reason for this to be a shock. There were cats and crystals everywhere. The Old Broad led him through the house and had him sit in a wicker emperor's chair that looked out over the channel while she fetched some mango iced tea for them. The house could have been designed by Gauguin and landscaped by Rousseau. It was small, just five rooms and a carport, but it sat on twenty acres of fruit-salad jungle: banana trees, mango, lemon, tangerine, orange, papaya, and coconut palm, as well as a florist's dream of orchids and other tropical flowers. The Old Broad had cultivated a low, soft grass under all the trees that was like a golf-course green over sponge cake. The house was made almost entirely of dark koa wood, nut brown and with black grain running through it, polished to a smooth satin and as hard as ebony. There was a high-peaked galvanized-tin roof with a vented tower in the center to draw heat out the top and cool air in from under the wide eaves that surrounded the whole house. There were no windows, just open sliding walls. You could look through any part of the house to the other and see the tropical garden. The Old Broad's telescope and  «big-eye » binoculars stood on steel and concrete mountings in front of where Clay sat, looking very much out of place: the artillery of science planted in paradise. At Clay's feet a skinny cat happily crunched the legs off a scorpion. The Old Broad handed Clay a tall, icy glass and sat in another emperor's chair beside him. She was barefoot and wore a flowered caftan and a yellow-and-red hibiscus blossom in her hair that was half the size of her face. She had probably been a dish back around the time of Lincoln, Clay thought. â€Å"It's so nice to see you, Clay. I don't get many visitors. Not that I'm lonely, you know. I have the cats and the whales to talk to. But that's not like having one of my boys to visit with.† Oh, jeez, Clay thought. One of her boys. Oh, jeez. He had to tell her. He knew he had to tell her. He had come up here to tell her, and he was going to tell her, and that was that. â€Å"This is excellent tea, Elizabeth. Mango, you say?† â€Å"That's right. Just a little bit of mint. Now, what is it you needed to talk to me about?† â€Å"And ice? I think the coldness makes it, gives it a fantastic, uh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Temperature? Yes, ice is an essential ingredient in iced tea, Clay. Thus the name.† Sarcasm is so ugly on the aged, thought Clay. No one likes a sarcastic oldster. He said, â€Å"Iced tea, you mean?† Oh, this is just going to kill her, he thought. â€Å"If this is about a new boat, Clay, don't be shy. I know how you loved that boat, and we'll get you another one. I'm just not sure we can go for one quite that nice. My investments haven't been doing well the last couple of years.† â€Å"No, no, it's not the boat. The boat was insured. It's Nate.† â€Å"And how is Nathan? I hope he's handling his little infatuation with your new researcher with a bit of dignity. He was wearing it on his sleeve that night at the sanctuary. You'd think a man as smart as Nathan would have better control over his impulses.† â€Å"Nate had a thing for Amy?† Clay was going to tell her, really. He was just working up to it. â€Å"You said ‘had, † said the Old Broad. â€Å"You said Nate ‘had' a thing for Amy.† â€Å"Elizabeth, there's been an accident. Three days ago Nate went into the water to get a better look at a singer, and†¦ well, we haven't been able to find him.† Clay put down his tea so he could catch the old woman should she faint. â€Å"I'm very sorry.† â€Å"Oh, that. Yes, I heard about that. Nate's fine, Clay. The whale told me.† And here Clay found himself balancing on another dilemma. Should he let her have her belief, no matter how crazy it might be, or should he dash her spirits to earth with the truth? Although Nate had found Elizabeth's eccentricities irritating, Clay had always liked her insistence that the whales spoke to her. He wished it were true. He scooted to the edge of his chair and took her hand in his. â€Å"Elizabeth, I don't think you understand what I'm saying – ; â€Å"He took the pastrami and rye, right? He said he would.† â€Å"Um, that's not exactly pertinent. He's been gone for three days, and they were right at the wind line toward Molokai when he was lost. Rough sea. He's probably gone, Elizabeth.† â€Å"Well, of course he's gone, Clay. You'll just have to carry on until he gets back.† Now she patted his hand. â€Å"He did take the sandwich, right? The whale was very specific.† â€Å"Elizabeth! You're not listening to me. This is not about the whales singing to you through the trees. Nate is gone!† â€Å"Don't you shout at me, Clay Demodocus. I'm trying to comfort you. And it wasn't a song through the trees. What do you think? I'm some crazy old woman? The whale called on the phone.† â€Å"Oh, Jesus, Joseph, and Mary, I don't know how to do this » â€Å"More tea?† asked the Old Broad. As Clay made the long drive down the volcano and back to Papa Lani, he tried to fight letting his spirits rise. The Old Broad was completely convinced that Nathan Quinn was just fine and dandy, although she could give no reason other than to say that the whale, after ordering a pastrami on rye, had told her that everything would be all right. â€Å"And how did you know it was the whale on the phone?† asked Clay. â€Å"Well, he told me that's who he was.† â€Å"And it was a male voice?† â€Å"Well, it would be. He's a singer, isn't he?† She'd gone on like that, reassuring him, encouraging him to go back to work, dismissing any guilt or grief, until he was almost to the gates of the compound before he remembered. â€Å"She's a total loony!† he said to himself, as if he just needed to hear the words, to feel their truth. Nothing is all right. Nate's dead. Clair would be sleeping at her house tonight, and although it was late, Clay could not make himself go to sleep. Instead he went to the office, knowing that nothing in the world could eat up time like editing video. He attached a digital video camera to his computer and turned on the recently replaced giant monitor. Blue filled the screen, and then he could sense the motion of descent, but there was only a faint hiss of his breathing, not the usual fusillade of bubbles from a regulator. This was the rebreather footage, from the day he had almost drowned. He'd completely forgotten about it. The breath-holder's tail came into frame. Clay's first instincts had been right. This was great footage of a breath-holder – the best they'd ever recorded. As he passed the tail, the genital slit came into view, and he could tell that they were dealing with a male. There were black marks on the underside of the tail, but the view was still edge on, and he couldn't make out their shape. He heard a faint kazoo sound in the background and ran back the tape, with the sound turned up. This time his breath sounded like a bull snorting before a charge, the kazoo sound, louder now, like a voice through wax paper. He ran back the tape again and cranked the sound all the way up, bringing down the high frequency to kill some of the hiss. Definitely voices. â€Å"There's someone outside, Captain.† â€Å"Does he have my sandwich with him?† â€Å"He's close, Captain, really close. Too close.† Then the tail came down, and there was a deafening thud. The picture jerked in a half dozen directions, then settled as tiny bubbles passed by the lens in a field of blue. The lens caught a shot of Clay's fin as he sank, and then it was just blue and the occasional shot of the lanyard that secured the camera to his wrist. Clay ran the tape back again, confirmed the voices, then set it to dub onto the computer hard drive so he could manipulate the audio in a waveform, the way they did with sound recordings. Even though he was sure what was on the tape, he couldn't figure out how it could possibly have gotten there. Only five minutes of watching little progress bars move across the monitor, and he could stand the suspense no longer. He smiled to himself, because now was the time he would have gone to Nate, as he had so many times before, to help him figure out exactly what it was they were hearing or looking at, but Nate was gone. He checked his watch, and, deciding that it wasn't too insanely late, he headed across the compound to get Amy.

Argumentative Fallacy Vs. Straw

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Drugs and Control Substances among Hispanic Cultures Research Paper

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IAS 40 Investment Property - Essay Example There has been a widely held debate in terms of a need to classify a property as an investment property or a property which is in use by the owner. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) provides a clear cut difference between the property which is intended to be held as investment and the property to be held for the purpose of use other than any investment purpose (Deloitte, 2012). On the other hand, if Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are taken into consideration, then there cannot be found any difference between the two as such. However IFRS has recognized the need for providing specific guidance especially for the property which is to be held by the owner for the purpose of investment (Deloitte, 2012).This article aims to study the various impacts of IAS 40 â€Å"Investment Property† with respect to different elements. The paper is structured in such a manner that first section highlights the overview of IAS 40 in which a brief history, definition, obje ctive and scope of Investment Property is briefly discussed. Second part of this article outlines at the accounting treatment of Investment Property such recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements are explained in detail. Next section provides a brief comparison of IFRS and GAAP in respect of Investment Property followed by a section which illustrates an example reproduced from the annual report of a publicly listed company. Discussion and conclusion of IAS 40 will summarize this article.

Indian populations of Argentina and Chile pre-colonial period and Essay

Indian populations of Argentina and Chile pre-colonial period and their changing reality during the colonial period - Essay Example Indians belonging to the Guarani tribe originally inhabited most of the regions in South America such as Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. They used to be semi-nomadic, well known for their fierce and warriors like culture and traditions. Actually, the name ‘Guarani’ stands for warrior. Some Argentines trace their ancestry to the Guarani tribe, and they have brown eyes and dark hair. They have light skin, portraying a combination of European and Guarani heritage 1(Aladama, 2003 p 328). Before the conquest by Spain, the Guarani had been scattered widely throughout southern American countries including Argentina. Thus, this Indian community had occupied Argentina even before colonization. They carried out numerous economic activities, which determined their culture. Long before, the Spaniards arrived in Argentina, Guarani used to be hunters and gatherers. They survived by hunting animals for food, as well as gathering fruits in forests. Men used to do the hunting, while women did gathering 2(Schild, 2000 p275). On the other hand, Mapuches occupied most of Chile and just a few Mapuches inhabited Argentina. Indians of the Mapuche tribe became the first inhabitants of Argentina and Chile, with them occupying a vast territory before the arrival of the Spanish. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Mapuche occupied most of the parts in South America, and their population was two million. Currently, they occur in large numbers of about one and a half million in Chile and two hundred thousand in Argentina. Therefore, they have occupied most parts in Chile as compared to Argentina. Indian Mapuche constituted the third largest community in South America before colonization and after colonization of Chile by Spain 3(Geschiere&Nyamnjoh, 2001 p 170). Before colonization, and the coming of Incas and Spanish, the Mapuche occupied forests in

EU law (European Court of Justice) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU law (European Court of Justice) - Case Study Example However, the ECJ in the Van Gend case laid down the conditions before EC law would be capable of direct effect, otherwise known as the Van Gend criteria. First, the provision or law must be "sufficiently clear and precise" before being capable of direct effect although it does not mean that the whole provision must comply such as for example in one case2 where it was held that even if only a part of Article 141 fulfilled this criterion, the same was directly effective. Second, a provision should be unconditional. If it conditional if the right provided depends in some way on the judgment and discretion of an independent body unless such discretion is subject to judicial conduct.3 Finally, the third Van Gend criterion is that the provision should not be subject to any further implanting measures on the part of either the EC or the national authority. The third criterion appears to be liberally applied as can be observed in one case4 where based on the wording of the Treaty, it had bee n anticipated that the EC would have to enact secondary legislation before the objectives contained in Article 43 would provide rights to individuals. However, the ECJ declared the provision to be directly effective ratiocinating that to do otherwise could result in individuals being denied their rights under EC law. In the given problem, it is clear that all the three conditions of the Van Gend criteria are present. First, the provision of the Directive in question is "sufficiently clear and precise" by Defrenne v Sabena standards. The Directive is clear that owners of animals may be compensated from a fund be set up for the purpose of compensating owners whose animals are slaughtered pursuant to the Directive. Second, the provision in the Directive is not conditional. The right to be compensated for animals being slaughtered is not dependent upon the judgment and discretion of an independent body. Finally, the third Van Gend criterion has been complied in the given problem because the Directive is not anymore subject to any further implanting measures on the part of either the EC or the national authority. Be that as it may, the third criterion had been liberally applied because to do otherwise would produce an anomalous result where individuals can be denied of their rights under the EC law. A corollary issue in the given problem is whether the Directive as such may be directly effective. A negative answer to the issue means that James and Neil are without any recourse under the Directive. Article 249 EC provides that: "A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods." Directives are therefore not directly effective as directives require implementation into national law and as such, directives do not appear to provide rights to individuals until they are incorporated by way of national legislation although directives do place obligations upon member states. However, in another case,5 the ECJ ruled that a directive maybe given direct effect it imposes an obligation to achieve a required result. Furthermore,

Science and Technology Essay Example for Free

Science and Technology Essay Although Kerala had been existing from pre-historic times under various other names like Malabar, Malankara, Malayalam, Chera-nad, Cheralam, etc. it had not been a single political unit ever. The narrow strip of land, forming Kerala was divided into a number of small princely states till 1956, when various regions inhabited by Malayalam-speaking people, were unified. Even though, people in this territory dreamed of a single, united political unit for a long time, realization of that dream was impossible in earlier centuries, as different dynasties and local war-lords and European empire-builders, kept the land divided. Boundaries of the princely states changed, as wars between them were frequent. Thus, Kerala, throughout its history had been a divided land till half-a-century ago. Kerala being geographically isolated from the rest of India due to the long mountain range along its eastern border (The Western Ghats), had never become an integral part of any of the numerous empires and kingdoms which ruled the rest of India. Invaders like Hyder and Tipu Sulthan could not succeed in conquering the entire stretch of land and make it part of their empire. Cholas and Pandyas also could not keep Kerala under their power for long. Europeans also could possess only portions of Kerala, under them for limited periods. Thus, there never was a unified Kerala, as a political entity, in the long history of India, till unification in modern times. When finally it happened, unification of Kerala was enforced. Travancore wanted to become an independent nation with sovereignty – a sovereign state, fully self – governing and independent in foreign affairs. Advocating an American model government, Travancore had declared independence unilaterally just before the British granted freedom to India. But, that dream of a separate country in the Indian sub – continent, did not become a reality. Other princely states in India also had to abandon their dreams similarly. Under the new set-up that was emerging in India, all princely states had to give up their claims to sovereignty and merge with the Indian Union. So, under pressure, Travancore and Cochin princely states were unified in 1949. And it was made a state in the Republic of India on 26 January 1950. Still, only about half of Kerala was unified. The other half, called Malabar Revenue Division, continued to be part of Madras state, till re-organization of states on the basis of language, was carried out on 1 November 1956. Formation of modern Kerala, on the basis of the language (Malayalam) spoken in the territory,  was thus an enforced affair. Even though the privileged people in the old regimes tried to resist the unification and formation of Kerala, the majority of the people welcomed it.

How Important Are Fossil Fuels To Society Environmental Sciences Essay

How Important Are Fossil Fuels To Society Environmental Sciences Essay Thirst for knowledge is humans natural behaviour which has led to various inventions and discoveries. Humans need energy for doing all types of work. Without generating energy, all the luxuries of everyday life will come to an end. Fossil fuels, a remarkable discovery by humans have simplified our lives. However, the rate at which these resources are being depleted are threatening to run out soon. Fossil fuel usage began on a large scale with the introduction of industrial revolution in 1800s.Nowadays, a lot of alternative energy options are available, like wind , hydro , and sun energy. But ironically, majority of our energy is derived from non-renewable energy sources, which are commonly called fossil fuels. Like every other invention or discovery influence society, same applies to fossil fuels as well. In order to know how fossil fuels affect our society, one needs to examine it. Without fossil fuels, there wouldnt be any means of transportation, and the world and the economy would come to standstill. We need energy to heat houses, and energy is needed for agriculture and industries. Without fossil fuels, there would be no energy, no heat, and the cost on running on the alternatives would be a lot higher than what we have on fossils. Fossil fuels are comprised of hydrogen and carbon bonds. Coal, oil and natural gas, are the three kinds of fossil fuels used for delivering energy. With the increasing population, the demand for energy also increases, which increases the pressure on the environment. Another major variable, that threatens and pressurizes the energy sector to move into nuclear, solar and other environmentally friendly energy sources, is due to the fear of climate change. Coal, oil and natural gas supplies are forecasted to peak as the reserves are running out. Coal is a form of solid fossil fuel which is formed by decay of land vegetation. It is plenteous as compared to oil and natural gas. Forecasters predict every now and then, that the coal usage will increase as oil supplies becomes less. Present supply of coal might last about 200 years or more. Developing countries such as India and China, cant meet the expense of using natural gas or oil, and therefore depend on coal for delivering energy. According to IEAs world energy outlook forecast (2006), 85% of the increase in coal demand is likely to come from China. Coal consumption is predicted to increase by 1.4% yearly until 2030, with about two-thirds of the demands in India and China. According to the statistical survey done (2007), The coal consumption in 2006 was 3 billion tonnes. China, India, South Africa and Germany claimed to be the largest consumers of coal. The natural gas exploration is getting cheaper and big industries are switching to natural gas instead of coal which has other side problems, besides environmentally unfriendly. Oil is a liquid fossil fuel, formed from the remainders of marine micro-organisms deposited on the sea floor. Millions of years after, the deposits eventually end up in sediments and rock, in which oil is confined. Oil consists of a lot of organic compounds, which are altered into usable products by refining process. Oil is not found in all the places on earth, and there have been wars on oil supplies. Gulf war which happened in 1991, is a well-known example of this. The local production of oil has lowered since 1960.In 1970s the oil production has plunged reaching a peak point of 9.6 million barrel per day(Mbbl/d). Since then, oil demand has increased significantly such that industries supply less than half of all its oil that we consume. However there had been a radically change in consumption from 1960 to 1970 (from about 10 Mbbl/d to about 17 Mbbl/d) as shown in the figure. Moving to suburb and driving for miles caused an increase in consumption which was a turning point in American societys lifestyle. Nevertheless, during 1970s, demand levelled off and then declined suddenly as oil prices increased to over a dollar per gallon from $0.25. Since 1980s, oil demand has grown progressively as prices stabilized while inflation continued to grow. Currently we sit at 19.6 million barrel per day in U.S. which is about 25% of the worldwide consumption of 77 Million barrels per day. Natural gas is a gaseous form of fossil fuel which is versatile, available in plenty and relatively cleaner as compared to the oil and coal. Like oil, it is also formed from the remainders of marine micro-organisms. Natural gas is made up of methane, and is highly compressible, and is drilled to bring it on the earths crust. More coal was used until 1999, than natural gas. It has surpassed coal now in developed countries. However, humans are frightened that natural gas supply will eventually run out, like oil and coal. Predictions say that this might take place at the end or the middle of the 21st century. Unlike oil supplies, Natural gas reserves are distributed more uniformly around the planet. Energy produced by combustion of fossil fuels is converted to heat and electricity in power plants. On combustion, carbon and hydrogen reacts with oxygen to yield carbondioxide and water with heat. Electricity is produced by transforming this heat into electrical energy in a generator. Although, building a power plant needs a lot of money, the efficiency it delivers to convert fuel into energy is very high, and is worth the money spent to build it. The demand of electricity varies throughout the year, and provisions should be made to meet the demand in peak load. When the demand surpasses the capacity of power plants to generate electricity, momentary blackouts are experienced. In 2001, California experienced shortage of electricity, drawing attention to the crude oil and natural gas shortage. In the past, fossil fuels were present in abundance and were easy to obtain and deliver. The present trend of using these energy resources by mankind is one of the important issues questioning its long term sustainability. We have created a horrible situation for ourselves, by denying the fact that these resources will not be running low, and trying to run away from the reality rather than facing it. People are afraid of the consequences of what may happen if the fossil fuels actually run out. Fossil fuel combustion contributes to a lot of environmental issues that are also high on political agenda these days. Examples of these issues include emission of greenhouse gases, acid rain, air and water pollution, and ozone at ground level. These environmental concerns are caused by the burning of fossil fuels, which produces impurities like nitrogen, sulphur, and organic volatile compounds. These bi-products influence people and our atmosphere in many harmful ways. Like a glass in a greenh ouse, these pollutants build a barrier and prevent the excess heat from earth to escape. The temperature of the earth increases with the increase in this barrier, resulting in global warming. Global warming has become a serious issue, which could threaten our existence. Have people ever thought that why Antartica experienced the warmest years in all of history? Have people thought of rising sea level, which resulted due to melting of ice? The intensifying sea level could lead in floods and hurricane. If these changes are not enough to alert humans, the effect on agriculture around the world might be frightening. Production of maple is decreased by 10% because of warmer and shorter winters. A study comparing the yields of six main staple crops was done at the Lawrence Livermore National Labs and Stanford university. Study showed that for every one degree rise in temperature, there will be a decline of about 3% to 5% in the yield of those crops. Those six crops is responsible for abou t 55% of non-meat calories consumed by people, and about 70% of the animals feed all over the world. Acid rain is caused by the emission of sulphur and nitrogen, by burning fossil fuels. Acid rain is a combination of dry and wet deposition from the sky which contains higher amounts of nitric acid and sulphuric acid than normal. It makes the lakes and streams acidic, which leads to destruction of trees at higher altitude and soils. Acid rains also contribute to the decay of buildings and sculptures, decreases the visibility and have harmful effects on publics health. Acid rain not only cause damages where it falls, but it affects all over the planet, since lakes and streams transport the water throughout earths crust and finally to the ocean. The plants and animals that are dependent on this water to survive are affected and may decease if the chemicals in the water are present in extreme excess. Another problem resulting from fossil fuel usage is Air pollution, resulting in smog. Apart from human sickness, smog also affects the crops, by seeping through the leaves protective layers and destroying the essential cell membranes. This makes the crops weaker and decreases its yield. Combustion of fossil fuels produces nitrogen and other organic gases that form ozone. Ozone is formed near the surface of the earth causing air pollution. According to the CESI report (2006), Ground level ozone has affected the health of Canadians including respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, premature deaths and over 6000 hospitalizations. All above discussed issues are caused by the emission of impurities that are present in the structures of fossil fuel .Presently, combustion of oil accounts for about 30% of carbondioxide in the environment. The maximum emission of pollutants is caused by the burning of coal. Natural gas consists of methane structure, due to which it doesnt emit as much carbondioxide as compared to oil and coal. The question arises, that looking at these consequences, why are we still using fossil fuels to such large scale? The answer is simple; because fossil fuels are comparatively cheaper than using alternatives we know so far. People have made their lives so much dependable on fuels, that if these run out, the human civilization will come to an end too. Also, digging fossil fuels from earth surface is dangerous, as digging of mines and wells could result in change of surroundings and may fetch immense quantity of salt water to the earths surface, which can result in damaging the ecosystem in clos e proximity with no appropriate treatment and sequestration. There are procedures to follow to minimize the hazards, but it is hard to completely eradicate them. However, regulations are not enough, we should continue researching new technologies for fossil fuels and renewable sources both, to add increasing conservation measures. Few environmentalists predict that because of insufficiency, fuel prices will increase exponentially in the coming century. We cannot completely stop using fossil fuels, but we must make some changes in our consumption pattern by avoiding oil products and favouring available alternatives for our sustainability.

Symmetry and Group Theory in Relation to Wallpaper Groups

Symmetry and Group Theory in Relation to Wallpaper Groups Mark Anderson 1.1 Group Theory Group Theory was derived from three other areas of mathematics, number theory, the theory of algebraic equations and geometry. The first prominent mathematicians credited with studying group theory were A-L.Cauchy, E.Galois and J-L.Lagrange. Although Lagranges work with groups is probably the earliest research into groups, in the 18th century, his work was rather isolated and the mid-19th century works of Cauchy and Galois are often considered to be the origin of the study of group theory. In his 1770 paper, Lagrange was the first mathematician to study permutations. His objective for the study was to discover why cubic and quartic equations could be solved using the theory of algebra. During his work, while evident permutation group theory is being used in his work, the permutations are never composed and he never discusses groups themselves. Cauchy published his first paper on the topic of permutations in 1815, however, it was not until his work in 1844 that permutations were considered a subject in its own right by introducing many of the key aspects of permutation groups including the notation of positive and negative powers of groups, identifying the power 0 being the identity, the cycle and permutation notation of a group and the order of a permutation. He also proved the conjugacy of permutations if the permutations have the same cycle structure and Cauchys theorem If a prime divides the order of a group, that group has a subgroup of order . Galois had papers published posthumously in 1846 by Liouville after Liouville saw a connection between Galois work and the permutation work of Cauchy from 1844. This work showed that Galois understood the relationship between the structure of a group of permutations related to the equation and the algebraic solution of an equation. To fully show this he created the notion of a normal subgroup. This was the first time the term group had been used in a technical sense. 1.2 Wallpaper Groups The origins of the study of wallpaper groups began as the study of crystallography which was to determine the structure of crystalline solids at the atomic level. It was from this study that many of the proofs for symmetry were discovered and set the foundations for more advanced symmetry groups such as space group which led to the proof of wallpaper groups.          In 1830, J.F.C Hessel discovered the maximum unique combinations of reflections and rotations of a crystal around a fixed point such that the image created is symmetrical to be 32. He proves this using the law of indices which states that the intercepts, OP, OQ, OR, of the natural faces of a crystal form with the unit-cell axes a, b, c are inversely proportional to prime integers, h, k, l. (IUCR, 2016). This is illustrated in the image below. All 32 combinations with crystallographic symmetry were then found geometrically in 1835 by M.L Frankenheim. Using the theory of crystal classes discovered by Hessel, A. Bravais systemized the theory and classified the 14 spacial lattices, which we now know as Bravais Lattices. These lattices are defined as infinite arrays of discrete points in a 3-Dimensional plane created by a set of operations described by Using both Hessels and Bravais work E. Fedorov and A.M Schà ¶nflies proved the existence of the 230 space groups in 1891. These space groups are Bravais lattices that have been reflected or rotated in any of the 32 unique point groups discovered by Hessel. These space groups within a 2-dimensional plane are the 17 wallpaper groups, which although known for centuries was only proved after the proof of space groups was already completed. A group is defined as a non-empty set under a binary operation, i.e. addition, multiplication etc. In order to be classified as a group, it must maintain four conditions: closure, associativity, identity and inverse. Let be a group with a binary operation Closure: For every element belonging to the group , the result of every two elements under the binary operation on the group is equal to another element of the group. i.e. then . Associativity: If three elements belong to the group then the order the operation is performed on the three elements will not affect the outcome. i.e. If the . Identity: There exists an element in the group such that when the binary operation is applied to it and any other element in the group, the outcome is equal to the other element. i.e. such that . Inverse: For every element in the group there is another element in such that when the two elements are under the operation the outcome is equal to the identity. i.e. such that A simple example of a group is the group of integers under the operation of addition (. This can be proved by showing the group satisfies the four axioms as stated above. Any integer added to any other is another integer, so the group is closed. Addition is associative, the identity of the group is 0 as any , and the inverse of any integer is as . A basic symmetry group to understand how symmetry is related to group theory is the symmetries of the rectangle. This group contains the linear transformations that leave the rectangles origin in place i.e. rotations and reflections. This shows there are 4 symmetries of the rectangle as shown in Figure 2. This can be displayed in multiple ways including Cayley tables, matrices and as permutations References International Union of Crystallography, 2016. Law of Rational Indices. [Online] Available at: http://reference.iucr.org/dictionary/Law_of_rational_indices[Accessed 26 February 2017]. Kleiner, I., 2004. The Evolution of Group Theory: A Brief Survey. [Online] Available at: https://www.math.lsu.edu/~adkins/m7200/GroupHistory.pdf[Accessed 24 February 2017]. OConnor, J. J. Robertson, E. F., 1996. The Development of Group Theory. [Online] Available at: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Development_group_theory.html[Accessed 24 February 2017].

Essay --

Walter Cronkite: One of America’s most beloved and well-known television personalities left a lasting impact on the presentation of news on television. (wrong use of a colon.. did you mean to have this sentence as a title?) As Cronkite grew with his network, so did his power and influence over the minds of the American public. (awkward transition between your intro, whichi is too brief to begin with, and the next part) Cronkite was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri, and later during his high school years, shared his first taste of journalism by working on the local high school newspaper. (Barron) Later accepted into the University of Texas at Austin, Cronkite participated in more newspaper organizations and fraternities until he decided to drop out of school late in his junior year. After being offered several reporting jobs covering news and sports, Cronkite began his broadcasting career as a radio announcer for WKY in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma before switching over to a sports an nouncer for KCMO in Kansas City, Missouri. (Barnhart) World War II soon broke out and Cronkite was chosen as one of eight journalists to cover the stories going on in the rampaging Europe. Gaining a reputation as a big-time journalist, Cronkite continued to expand on his credibility by covering the Nuremberg Trials, a series of cases that prosecuted the leaders of Nazi Germany. As several years passes, the tides of war finally grew to a close and Cronkite returned home where he soon himself a job at CBS News in 1950. (No real focus here. What are you trying to accomplish here? Are you going with a chronological coverage of his life? If so, prep the reader for it. I thought this was still the introductory paragraph at first) â€Å"Television became a powerful medi... ...rrow who encouraged voicing one’s opinion, Cronkite refused to share his own beliefs in his broadcasts. But even if he was objective, Cronkite was not afraid to smile or show enthusiasm and emotions during the show. He gave off this warm and fuzzy personality that brought in many viewers and his signature sign-off, â€Å"That’s the way it is,† became popular for its folksy charm. â€Å"Before long, viewers were calling him Uncle Walter.† (Ritchie) The actual use of Water’s name was a new change brought as well. Before this time, radio stations at the time did not want people to use their real names for fear of taking their listeners with them if they left. For example, the news stations did not want the audience to become too attached to a certain reporter or host, such as Cronkite, since of that reporter left, then many fans would follow suit and drop the station’s ratings.

Importance of Mountains in Kerouacs Dharma Bums and Barthelmes The Gl

Importance of Mountains in Kerouac's Dharma Bums and Barthelme's The Glass Mountain   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mountains are significant in the writing of Jack Kerouac and Donald Barthelme as symbolic representations of achievement and the isolation of an individual from the masses of the working class in industrialized capitalist American society. The mountains, depicted by Kerouac and Barthelme, rise above the American landscape as majestic entities whose peaks are touched by few enduring and brave souls. The mountains of Kerouac's The Dharma Bums symbolize personal freedom and accomplishment through achieving a connection with nature distant from the constraints of materialism and a polluted industrialized American society. Barthelme's "Glass Mountain," however, envisions a mountain removed from nature as a modern skyscraper office building, an edifice that embodies the degradation of an emerging American society in the 1960s that is in search of "the American Dream" through material or monetary gains. "The Glass Mountain" remarks on the movement of Americans away from nature, religion, and humanity as they look to false golden idols (the golden castle at the top of the mountain) for inspiration to be successful, while Kerouac's The Dharma Bums emphasizes a return to nature and devout religiousness to inspire virtues of charity, kindness, humility, zeal, tranquility, wisdom, and ecstasy (p. 5). The top of the mountain, for both authors, represents a fearful ascent from the masses of the working class huddled in polluted cities in order to achieve a heightened state of knowledge and success, but both explorers fall short of true fulfillment because they are never far removed from human flaws of greed, excess, and materia... ...est of the world from the top is better than actually doing it. The mountains also represent the struggle of the lower classes in American society to achieve wealth for the sake of happiness and fulfillment. What Americans seeking wealth do not realize is that the top is a lonely place, devoid of the longing for material possession that keeps them going in life. The thrill of climbing the mountain, or the corporate ladder, is always more rewarding than looking down from the top to see the ugliness of the city below and regretting that they must return to this ugliness of competition and greed in order to sustain their own pitiful human existence.    Bibliography Barthelme, Donald. "The Glass Mountain." The New American Poetry., Allen, Donald, ed. Berkeley, Ca.: U. Calif. Press, 1999. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: Penguin., 1976.

Comparing the Film Black Orpheus and the Original Greek Myth Essay

Comparing the Film Black Orpheus and the Original Greek Myth The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is one that has been retold countless times over the years. It started as a Greek myth, later being made into a movie titled Black Orpheus. After reading the myth and watching the movie, it is easy to see that there are far more differences in the two works than similarities. These differences are not only in the way the story is told, but also in the organization of the events that take place and in the description of the characters. The main differences in these two versions of the myth are the role of the characters, the main plot scheme, and the journey into the underworld. The characters in the movie, Black Orpheus, are significantly altered from the Greek myth. In the myth, Orpheus and Eurydice are together from the beginning and are completely in love. Everyone is happy for their love and the only thing that stands in their way is death. In the movie, however, this is notably changed. Orpheus begins as a streetcar conductor that was engaged to Mira, giving the idea that Orpheus was in love with another woman. We quickly see that this is not the case as Orpheus is always very curt and rude with his fiancà ©e. They are slated to get married, but there is an eerie feeling in the air that something is about to go wrong. The main difference with these characters is that in the movie, Orpheus cheats on his fiancà ©e. We soon see that Eurydice is the wildcard when it comes to Orpheus. It does not matter whether or not he is with another woman, she will do what it takes to win Orpheus’s love. This is where one of the main differences occurs. Contrary to the myth, Orpheus cheats on his fiancà ©e and gives his love and affection to Eurydic... ... Orpheus thinks that a trick is being played on him and turns around, causing Eurydice to be lost forever. This leads the viewer to believe that Orpheus was not really in the underworld and that this was just a fake journey into a nonexistent underworld. It seems quite odd that anyone can walk down a spiral staircase and be placed at the gates of Hades. This is the main reason the journey into the underworld appears to be a false one. Overall, the two versions of the story convey the same message, but in very different ways. From the differences in the characters to the plot variances, we can see that the similar messages can be portrayed in a variety of ways. The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is an ancient one that will forever be retold and altered. A prime example of this was shown in the differences between the original myth and that movie of Black Orpheus.

Dental Hygienist †Reflection Paper Essay

Abstract The convoluted way in which having good oral hygiene and how much it can impact one’s body has never lost my interest. When researching, I have read it is most common to get oral cancer And/or Periodontal Disease when not taking care of one’s self. Those are just two important things to remember when taking care of you orally. I want to have a career where I can teach people to take care of themselves and to prevent from these happening. Often times, people lean more to a career that fits only one of the traits, me on the other hand, I want a career that will not only suit me for most but have an adventure. Of course when picking a career, you focus on the pay, but the big thing is to know that you will love your job. There are so many people in this world those great jobs such as Doctors, Lawyers, and Veterinarian’s and on. You hear from most that they absolutely hate their jobs. Who wants to wake up and dread to go to work? I want to wake up and be giddy to arr ive at work. It is wonderful to think you will learn about people in all ages, ethnicity, teach them about Oral Hygiene, or refresh there memories on how important it is to keep up with it. Every time I go into get a cleaning the whole Dental practice never seizes to amaze me. Everyone is so happy and helpful. You can tell they love what they do. Although, most people wonder why one person would want to spend the rest of their life working in people’s mouths, I think of it so much more than that. It is such a neat feeling knowing you can wake up excited to do what you have dreamed about your whole life. Since being a first generation college student in my family, I had no one teach me about the simplicity of education. The one thing I know is that since high school, it is something about the medical field that interested me. I took Career Explorations and it really helped what field I wanted to go for when studying in the medical field, particularly Dental Hygiene. What really caught my eye was that you get to help people and teach them.  This is one of my best interests. One of the struggles for me was not enrolling into college straight out of high school. Over the years I have looked at it as having time in researching in which career best fits me. First, you begin to look online, on how to become a Dental Hygienist, take a look on what are the first things you must do. In Arizona, there are many Community Colleges and a University that offer prerequisites and the Dental Hygiene program such as Rio Salado, Phoenix College, Carrington College and Northern Arizona University. The lowest degree you can get in this degree is an Associate’s Degree and the highest in a Bachelors degree. Hygienists typically need an Associate’s Degree in Dental Hygiene. Bachelor’s degrees in dental hygiene are also available, but are less common. A Bachelor’s or Master’s degree is usually required for research, teaching, or clinical practice in public or school health programs. High school students interested in becoming dental hygienists should take courses in biology, chemistry, and mathematics. Some Dental Hygiene programs also require applicants to have completed at least 1 year of college. Specific entrance requirements vary by school. Most schools offer laboratory, clinical, and classroom instruction. Hygienists study anatomy, physiology, nutrition, radiography, and Period ontology, which is the study of gum disease. (BLS 2014) To become a Dental Hygienist, it takes a lot of skills to be one. The important skills to have in this job is being Detail oriented, speaking, active listening, critical thinking, judgment and decisions making, compassion, patience, multitasking skills, coordination and physical stamina. In modern world, there are so many people that couldn’t stand not going to the dentist ever again. They depend on them to keep up with the oral hygiene, clean their teeth and get X-rays. From Dental Assistants to Dental Hygienists and Dentists, they are always willing to help you. People in the dentist office always advise to you how important it is to keep up with regular cleanings at least twice a year, and brush and floss your teeth daily. If you do not take care of your teeth, it could lead to bad things like oral cancer and Periodontal Disease. The Dental Hygienists are the  ones to help you prevent these things from happening. If you ask any person in this field if they enjoy their job, I know most would say yes. There is nothing more than a better feeling wake up every day knowing you are going to help someone. Although this career takes a lot of skills and education, it is worth it in the end. Most hygienists are aware that there are ‘better’ jobs out th ere that make a good amount of money, (a lot more than theirs) they would not trade it for anything else. Of course this is why it is such a growing field. This really shows that they truly love what they do. If there are any traits or skills listed above that fits you then this may be your career of choice. Over the years since researching this field, I have learned so much from it. There is good pay, they are flexible with you if you have a family and want to work part time. I think this job is perfect for anyone honestly. This is such a dynamic job to have. There are some things you must research before going into this job. How long does it take for? you to become a Dental Hygienist, what is the pay and availability in your area, and what is the total cost of the program. Although these may be stressful things to think about, but is very important to look into these things before going into this career. (ONETOONLINE, 2014) The level degree to pursue my career of choice is Associates Degree. I plan to continue to attend Glendale Community College to achieve my prerequisites and once I’m done with those, I will be attending Phoenix College for the Hygiene program. I have heard that this is one of the best schools to attend if you are looking to get a basic and quick degree in your interest. The advantages of the program is interacting with people, learning in depth about oral hygiene, and learning how to operate the X-Ray machines. The disadvantages is not knowing if it will be a promising career, hearing from stories. Although, living in Arizona, it is a great career to get into. The average earning/wages $81,470 per year ($39.17 hourly). Where I see myself in 10 years is being very happy and content with life. I can see myself a wonderful job, being married and having a family. I see that I won’t be struggling with money and not living paycheck to paycheck. It’s never a good feelin g not knowing how come up with the money for an owed bill. I also see myself living in California. It is  pricey living there, but there is so much to do there. The Dentistry field is high in demand there, so that one positive thing to think about living there. (SALARIES-BY-THE-CITY.ORG, 2014) There are many things to think about before making this step, but it is also an exciting time in your life. You are doing this to better yourself. You are picking a career that best fits you and what YOU want to do. Not what someone else wants you to do? This is the reason why I am choosing this. I have spent many years researching and now I am more than ready to begin. It is an awesome feeling that I will be helping and teaching others. Every day I go to college, I think to myself that I am a step closer in doing what I love best. And I am so excited to be going to school and pursuing my degree in Dental Hygiene. References: Dental Hygiene Program, (2014) http://www.phoenixcollege.edu/academics/programs/dental-hygiene/award/dental-hygiene-aas Summary Report for Dental Hygienists, (2014) http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2021.00 Dental Hygienists Salary and Wages, (2014) http://salaries-by-city.findthedata.org/l/7003/Dental-Hygienists Dental Hygienist Careers and Education Tracks http://www.allalliedhealthschools.com/health-careers/article/how-to-become-dental-hygienist?utm_medium=sem&utm_source=goo&utm_campaign=gen_DenHyg_ahs_gen_ns_sea_eng&utm_content=ACT-1312013-A&cid=11&KTID=54e951fc-dd0b-de88-bbb5-0000009e85f7&gclid=CLjSocH6v70CFUqUfgodNKcAMw